Anna Pavlovna Scherer
An old maid of honor for the empress Maria Feodorovna, and one of Petersburg's most celebrated socialites. She loves to host soirées. Her friends sometimes call her Annette.
Prince Vassily Kuragin
The middle-aged patriarch of the Kuragin family. He is intelligent, calculating, and will go to great lengths to benefit his family. He is the father of Ippolit, Anatole, and Hélène.
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Wintzingerode
General F.F. von Wintzingerode, a real general whom Alexander I sent to Prussia in 1805 in hopes of getting that country's support in the war against Napoleon.
Baron Funke
The empress appoints him as first secretary in Vienna, much to Prince Vassily's chagrin (Vassily wanted his son to receive this important position).
Ippolit Kuragin
Prince Vassily's eldest son. Vassily calls him an 'an untroublesome fool' (6) and he plays less of a role in the novel than his siblings do.
Anatole Kuragin
Prince Vassily's handsome, charismatic son. Despite his charm, he is a good-for-nothing whose main activity is seducing women.
Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky
An intelligent and wealthy middle-aged prince who lives in the country. He makes his family miserable with his stinginess and his eccentric ways. Father to Andrei Bolkonsky and Princess Marya.
Andrei Bolkonsky
One of the novel's primary characters, brother to Princess Marya and son to Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky. Also called Prince Andrei, Andryusha, or Andre. He is a fiercely moral and moody man who battles his desire to be part of the world and military against his desire to be left alone. Father to Nikolushka later, after his wife Lise dies.
Princess Marya Bolkonsky
Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky's daughter, and brother to Prince Andrei. She is becoming an old maid and hopes to marry soon so that she can get away from her father. However, she is extremely pious and serious and enjoys an ascetic lifestyle.
Lise Meinen
Prince Andrei Bolkonsky's wife. She is often referred to as Liza, 'the young princess' or 'the little princess.' She is not to be confused with Princess Marya Bolkonsky. Lise is pregnant at the start of the book and is known for her youthful prettiness.
Hélène Kuragin
Prince Vassily's beautiful and delightful daughter. Sister to Anatole and Ippolit. She marries Pierre Bezukhov and becomes a famous socialite. Her Russian name is Elena Vassilievna, but she is almost always referred to as Hélène.
Mortemart
A French viscount who fled France during the Revolution and has lived in Russia ever since.
Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskoy
An elderly, impoverished princess who constantly requests favors and money from the other characters in the novel. She does her best to provide for her son, Boris, despite her bad financial situation. She proves to be a skilled manipulator when she manages to ingratiate herself with both sides of the Bezukhov inheritance dispute.
General Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov
A real, high-ranking general who became commander in chief of the Russian military when the war with France recommenced in 1812.
Dolokhov
An officer in the Semyonovsky regiment, known for his penchant for gambling and duels. He lives with Anatole Kuragin.
Boris Drubetskoy
Princess Drubetskoy's son, who is 18 at the start of the novel. He is friendly but a relentless social climber. A long-time friend of the Rostovs.
Natasha Rostov
The beautiful, enchanting youngest daughter of the Rostov family. She has several romances with men before finally marrying Pierre Bezukhov.
Nikolai Rostov
Also called Nikolushka, Nikolai is in his mid-twenties at the start of the novel. He is dreamy and romantic, but sometimes lacks common sense. He is particularly patriotic and much of the novel is concerned with his military career. Initially, he is romantically linked to his cousin Sonya Rostov but ends up marrying Princess Marya Bolkonsky instead. Brother to Natasha and Pytor.
Pyotr Rostov
Also called Petya and Petrusha. He is the rowdy youngest son of the Rostov family. He does not play much of a role in the novel until he volunteers for the military at fifteen and is tragically shot shortly thereafter.
Sonya Rostov
An impoverished, orphaned cousin who lives with the Rostov family. Natasha's closest confidante. She is a few years older than Natasha and has a self-sacrificing personality. She is in love with Nikolai Rostov and stands by him faithfully despite his bad treatment of her.
Vera Rostov
The eldest Rostov daughter. Despite being beautiful and well-mannered, she has a bitter personality.
Count Kirill Bezukhov
Pierre's father, who is very sick at the beginning of the novel. His will is the subject of much speculation, since his massive estate might go to Pierre or to Prince Vassily.
Countess Rostov
The nervous, overly generous matriarch of the Rostov family.
Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov
The kind, elderly head of the Rostov family. He also serves as the marshal for the Bolkonskys' Ryazan estates.
Mitenka
A nobleman's son who was brought up by Count Rostov. Now an adult, he manages the Rostov family's finances.
Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimov
A noblewoman with a reputation for 'directness of mind and frank simplicity of manners' (59).
Shinshin
Countess Rostov's cousin, a witty middle-aged bachelor.
Lieutenant Berg
An officer in the Semyonovsky regiment who marries Vera Rostov.
Julie Karagin
A pretty young heiress who competes with Sonya for Nikolai Rostov's attention. Despite their similar surnames, she is not related to Prince Vassily. After her brothers die, she inherits all of her parents' estate and marries Boris Drubetskoy.
Pierre Bezukhov
One of the few main characters not associated with one of the novel's major families. A young heir whose quest for spiritual fulfillment is one of the novel's major plots. Until he gets his inheritance, he fails to impress society because of his absent-mindedness, his overweight stature, and his social awkwardness. However, he is well-meaning and thoughtful and enjoys intelligent conversation.
Princess Katerina Semyonovna Mamontov
Also known as Catiche. She is Prince Vassily's cousin and cares for Count Kirill Bezukhov during his long illness.
Mlle Bourienne
Princess Marya's companion, and a terrible flirt. She was living as an orphan on the streets when she was adopted by Prince Nikolai as a child.
Lorrain
The French doctor who takes care of Count Kirill.
Mikhail Ivanovich
The Bolkonksy family's architect. Despite Mikhail's low rank, Prince Nikolai often invites him to dinner to demonstrate his opinion that all men are equal.
Timokhin
A captain in the Semyonovsky regiment.
Zherkov
A hussar cornet, one of Dolokhov's friends from St. Petersburg.
Kozlovsky
An adjutant in the Semyonovsky regiment.
General Mack
An Austrian general who works with General Kutuzov on strategy.
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Prince Nesvitsky
Prince Andrei's roommate during the 1805 campaign.
Captain Denisov
The squadron commander of the Pavlogradsky hussar regiment. Also known as Vaska Denisov. He is good at his job but has a gambling problem. When he goes home with Nikolai Rostov on leave, he falls in love with Natasha Rostov.
Lieutenant Telyanin
A low-ranking officer in the Pavlogradsky regiment who steals some money from Captain Denisov.
Lavrushka
An orderly for Captain Denisov.
Karl Bogdanovich Schubert
The commander of the Pavlogradsky regiment. He is also called Bogdanych.
Staff Captain Kirsten
A high-ranking officer in the Pavlogradsky regiment.
Bilibin
The Russian ambassador to Austria and a friend of Prince Andrei. Andrei stays with him in Brünn when he is acting as a courier in October, 1805.
Prince Bagration
A real prince who participates in the 1805 and 1812 campaigns.
Murat
A French general.
Captain Tushin
A staff captain in Prince Bagration's detachment. He is inept and works with the artillery. He impresses Prince Andrei with his friendly manner.
Alpatych
The steward at Bald Hills (the Bolkonsky estate).
Weyrother
A German general who develops the the plan for the battle of Austerlitz.
Prince Dolgorukov
A military friend of Prince Andrei who helps get Boris Drubetskoy promoted in 1805.
Tsar Alexander I
The young emperor of Russia. Despite his youth, he has an invigorating effect when he reviews the troops. Tolstoy portrays him as deeply patriotic and sincere in his efforts to defend his people.
Count Tolstoy
A high-ranking Russian general. A real person with no relation to the author.
Langeron
An officer who vociferously objects to Weyrother's plan for the battle of Austerlitz.
Feoktist
The English Club's head chef.
Marya Bogdanovna
The midwife who helps deliver Lise Meinen's son.
Iogel
A dancing instructor in Moscow who throws annual balls for his current and former students.
Osip Alexeevich Bazdeev
An elderly Freemason who inspires Pierre after they meet by chance at a posting house.
Count Willarski
A Polish count who serves as Pierre's sponsor in the Freemasons.
Savishna
Nikolushka's nanny.
Nikolushka
Prince Andrei's son, the younger Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky. Also called Nikolenka.
Dessales
The Bolkonsky family's tutor.
Ivanushka
A young boy who is part of the 'people of God,' an itinerant group of beggars taken in by Princess Marya.
Pelageyushka
An elderly woman in the people of God.
Count Zhilinsky
A Pole raised in France. He rooms with Boris Drubetskoy at the emperors' meeting in Tilsit.
Lazarev
An officer who receives the French Legion of Honor from Napoleon after the peace treaty in 1807.
Count Arakcheev
The Russian minister of war.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
The secretary of state and a counselor to Tsar Alexander. He is in charge of many domestic reforms.
Count Kochubey
A nobleman in St. Petersburg.
Magnitsky
The director of the commission on military regulations.
Marya Ignatievna Peronsky
Countess Rostov's friend in St. Petersburg. She is a retired lady-in-waiting who served the empress.
Marya Antonovna
Marya Antonovna Naryshkin, a real person who was Tsar Alexander's mistress.
Danilo
A hunter on the Rostovs' Otradnoe estate.
Pelageye Danilovna Melyukov
A noblewoman in St. Petersburg who holds a party attended by the Rostovs.
Métivier
A French doctor in Moscow.
Balaga
A troika driver who often works for Dolokhov and Anatole Kuragin.
Balashov
The envoy that Tsar Alexander sends to demand that Napoleon withdraw his troops from Russian lands.
Count Bennigsen
A Polish general in the Russian army who competes with Kutuzov for power.
Ilyin
Nikolai Rostov's protegé in the hussars in the 1812 campaign.
Count Rastopchin
A real person. He is a gentleman in the tsar's entourage who is in charge of Moscow during the 1812 war. He is brutal to the political prisoners under his charge, and famously tries to stop people from deserting the city.
Marya Genrikhovna
A German doctor's wife who travels with the Pavlogradsky regiment. A flirt.
Obolensky
Pyotr Rostov's friend.
Dron
The headman at the Bolkonskys' country estate, Bogucharovo.
Dunyasha
Princess Marya Bolkonsky's childhood nurse who has remained a faithful servant to the family.
Captain Ramballe
A jocular French officer whom Pierre saves from a gunshot in occupied Moscow.
Makar Alexeevich
Osip Bazdeev's mentally disabled brother-in-law. He lives in Moscow and tries to kill Captain Ramballe.
Anna Ignatyevna Malvintsev
Princess Marya's maternal aunt.
Platon Karataev
A simple, religious peasant-soldier whom Pierre meets when he's imprisoned by the French in Moscow.
Dokhturov
A Russian general who leads one of the last offensives against the French in 1812.
Tikhon
A peasant soldier in Denisov's band of partisans, known for his courage and his sense of humor.
abbé Morio
A thoughtful man with whom Pierre has a discussion during the novel's first soirée.
Smolyaninov
A Freemason who helps initiate Pierre into the society.
Ilagin
A neighbor to the Rostovs, who is caught sending men to use their land illegally. He reciprocates by inviting them to his land.
War And Peace Gambling Medal
Pfuel
A general who seems committed to winning the war, where the others are more interested in themselves. Seen in the meeting with Andrei, the tsar, and other generals.
Vereshchagin
A Moscow businessman who is offered to the crowds by Rastpochin so that the latter can protect himself from the crowd's ire. Blamed for a small crime, but devoured by the mob nevertheless.
Napoleon
War And Peace Gambling
The real French general and emperor who led the campaign across Europe that is finally ceded when he fails to push past Moscow. Presented by Tolstoy sometimes from an objective distance, and sometimes as a fully-drawn human with feelings and complications.
War and Peace is more than a novel. It's a reflection of Leo Tolstoy's strongly held beliefs – a philosophical tract, not just about politics, war, love, marriage and property, but about history itself and the way the affairs of society are reported.
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Central to the book is his antipathy towards the way in which historians of his time presented events as entirely influenced by powerful people: monarchs, politicians and generals. Tolstoy felt that human history was an infinite chain of small, insignificant moments in which all individuals, mighty or humble, were involved. War and Peace reflects this view through the characters and their interactions. To drive home his point, Tolstoy also inserts explanatory essays at various stages in the text.
Tolstoy knew whereof he wrote
In his first major novel, Tolstoy chose familiar territory. He was born an aristocrat – Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy – inheriting a number of country estates and the peasant serfs who lived on them. His background was one of comfort and privilege and he understood well the conventions and practices of gentry society.
In order to generate a familiar and authentic atmosphere for his readers, Tolstoy used names of existing aristocratic families, but changed letters here and there, for example 'Bolkonsky' comes from his mother's family name 'Volkonsky'.
Some of the fictional characters have sources in real life. When creating the character of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy drew on his own experience as an earnest but socially clumsy young man, easily tempted into excesses of alcohol, womanising and gambling. His wife's vivacious little sister Tatiana provided a perfect model for the heroine Natasha.
The young Tolstoy chose a post as artillery officer and served at the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. He was distinguished for outstanding bravery during his military service – but his experiences taught him not only the exhilaration of battle but also its terrors and moral minefields. He brought this first-hand knowledge to life in stories such as the Sevastopol Sketches and War and Peace.
Love and marriage
War and Peace broadly reflects Tolstoy's own happily married state at the time – the book gives us a positive picture of marriage. The main characters eventually learn how to distinguish superficial physical attraction from a deeper, more meaningful attachment. But his recognition that many marriages were economic and political arrangements is reflected in the mercenary matching of Hélène Kuragin with Pierre Bezukhov and in the loveless relationship between Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky and his sweet, well-meaning wife Lise.
As his own relationship deteriorated over the years, Tolstoy grew more cynical about marriage, even going to far as to advocate celibacy within marriage in the novella The Kreutzer Sonata.
Storm in a teacup
Judged against a culture in which works of literature were heavily censored, parts of War and Peace were pretty risque. But the furore about the incestuous relationship between Anatole and Hélène Kuragin is a storm in a teacup – the relationship is remarked on twice in the book and all the television adaptation has done is to make it more explicit.
Tolstoy was no monk himself – he lost his virginity to a prostitute at the age of 14 and experienced several bouts of STIs during his life. Tolstoy's obsession with sex is woven into many of his works, and War and Peace is no exception.
He was not a man to be unduly coy in his work – indeed he kept diaries of his sexual experiences and insisted his wife Sofia read them at the outset of their relationship.
The death penalty
Alongside Tolstoy's ideas on sex and love, other deeply held views find their expression in War and Peace – for example, his aversion to the death penalty. He had witnessed a guillotining in Paris in 1857 which left a profound impression on him. Some years later, he defended a soldier faced with the death penalty at a court-martial and lost the case. In War and Peace, his revulsion towards the death penalty was expressed through the eyes of Pierre Bezukhov who reports on the horror expressed by French soldiers forced to execute Russian prisoners of war.
Tolstoy and Gandhi
The battle sequences of War and Peace are thrilling and have served to make Tolstoy's novel a byword for patriotic love for the motherland in Russian culture. But Tolstoy detested the idea of ordinary men being forced to kill each other at the behest of a country's rulers. He used a radical interpretation of the Gospels to develop the concept of non-violent resistance to evil, in his essay The Kingdom of God is Within You.
This text was a major influence on the young Gandhi, who called Tolstoy 'the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced' and corresponded with him until Tolstoy's death in 1910.
Tolstoy the rebel
Part of the appeal of War and Peace is its lavish setting and the rich depictions of the Russian nobility in St Petersburg and Moscow.
But, as is reflected in the novel through Pierre's gradual growth to maturity, Tolstoy found a greater simplicity and authenticity in rural life. As he grew older, he distanced himself from his privileged status more and more, giving up alcohol, tobacco and meat, dressing in traditional peasant clothes and making his own shoes. He even renounced the copyright to his works.
He became a vocal critic of the establishment on matters such as the hypocrisy of organised religion, militarism and the penal system. After a biting satire of the corruption of Russian Orthodox Church officials in his last novel, Resurrection, the Church excommunicated him in 1901.
Tolstoy famously also held an unconventional view about Shakespeare, denouncing him as a mediocre talent and inferior to Christopher Marlowe who he rated as a far better dramatist: 'I read and re-read the dramas, the comedies, the historical plays, and invariably, each time I experienced the same thing: disgust, boredom, astonishment.'
Why is it so long?
Tolstoy wrote War and Peace at one of the happiest times in his life – he was recently married and enjoying the honeymoon stage of his relationship. His finances were secure, and his reputation as a writer was burgeoning. He felt that an artist had a responsibility to make people 'love life in all its innumerable, inexhaustible phenomena' (as he wrote in a letter of 1865) and, to capture this enormous concept, he needed to cover a vast canvas with vivid detail.
He took great pains to polish and redraft his manuscript, relying on his wife Sofia who read, corrected and re-copied his work at least seven times, and some passages up to 21 times.
Tolstoy's readers at the time would not have felt the length of the novel so keenly, as it was first published in monthly instalments in the literary journal The Russian Herald between 1865 and 1867. It was so successful that when the whole book was subsequently published as a single edition, it went into a second print run almost immediately. Several more editions were published during Tolstoy's lifetime.
